Heinrich Schliemann and the Discovery of Troy

Heinrich Schliemann and the Discovery of Troy According to widely published legend, the finder of the true site of Troy was Heinrich Schliemann, adventurer, speaker of 15 languages, world traveler, and gifted amateur archaeologist. In his memoirs and books, Schliemann claimed that when he was eight, his father took him on his knee and told him the story of the Iliad, the forbidden love between Helen, wife of the King of Sparta, and Paris, son of Priam of Troy, and how their elopement resulted in a war that destroyed a Late Bronze Age civilization. Did Heinrich Schliemann Really Find Troy? Schliemann did, in fact, excavate at a site that turned out to be the historic Troy; but he got his information about the site from an expert, Frank Calvert, and failed to credit him.  Schliemanns voluminous notes are full of grandiose lies and manipulations about everything that occurred in his life, in part to make his public think he was a truly remarkable man.  With a keen facility in numerous languages and a wide-ranging memory and hunger and respect for scholarly knowledge, Schliemann, in fact, was a truly remarkable man! But for some reason, he needed to inflate his role and importance in the world.   That story, said Schliemann, awoke in him a hunger to search for the archaeological proof of the existence of Troy and Tiryns and Mycenae. In fact, he was so hungry that he went into business to make his fortune so he could afford the search. And after much consideration and study and investigation, on his own, he found the original site of Troy, at Hisarlik, a tell in Turkey. Romantic Baloney The reality, according to David Traills 1995 biography, Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit, and bolstered by Susan Heuck Allens 1999 work Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann, is that most of this is romantic baloney, manufactured by Schliemann for the sake of his own image, ego, and public persona.  Ã‚   Schliemann was a brilliant, gregarious, enormously talented, and extremely restless con man, who nevertheless changed the course of archaeology. His focused interest in the sites and events of the Iliad created widespread belief in their physical reality- and in so doing, made many people search for the real pieces of the worlds ancient writings. It could be argued that he was among the earliest and most successful of public archaeologists During Schliemanns peripatetic travels around the world (he visited the Netherlands, Russia, England, France, Mexico, America, Greece, Egypt, Italy, India, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan, all before he was 45), he took trips to ancient monuments, stopped at universities to take classes and attend lectures in comparative literature and language, wrote thousands of pages of diaries and travelogues, and made friends and enemies all over the world. How he afforded such traveling may be attributed to either his business acumen or his penchant for fraud; probably a bit of both. Schliemann and Archaeology The fact is, Schliemann did not take up archaeology or serious investigations for Troy until 1868, at the age of 46. There is no doubt that before that Schliemann had been interested in archaeology, particularly the history of the Trojan War, but it had always been subsidiary to his interest in languages and literature. But in June of 1868, Schliemann spent three days at the excavations at Pompeii directed by the archaeologist Giuseppe Fiorelli. The next month, he visited Mount Aetos, considered then the site of the palace of Odysseus, and there Schliemann dug his first excavation pit. In that pit, or perhaps purchased locally, Schliemann obtained either 5 or 20 small vases containing cremated remains. The fuzziness is a deliberate obfuscation on Schliemanns part, not the first nor the last time that Schliemann would fudge the details in his diaries, or their published form. Three Candidates for Troy At the time that Schliemanns interest was stirred by archaeology and Homer, there were three candidates for the location of Homers Troy. The popular choice of the day was Bunarbashi (also spelled Pinarbasi) and the accompanying acropolis of Balli-Dagh; Hisarlik was favored by the ancient writers and a small minority of scholars; and Alexandria Troas, since determined to be too recent to be Homeric Troy, was a distant third. Schliemann excavated at Bunarbashi during the summer of 1868 and visited other sites in Turkey including Hisarlik, apparently unaware of the standing of Hisarlik until at the end of the summer he dropped in on the archaeologist Frank Calvert. Calvert, a member of the British diplomatic corps in Turkey and part-time archaeologist, was among the decided minority among scholars; he believed that Hisarlik was the site of Homeric Troy, but had had difficulty convincing the British Museum to support his excavations. Calvert and Schliemann In 1865, Calvert had excavated trenches into Hisarlik and found enough evidence to convince himself that he had found the correct site. In August of 1868, Calvert invited Schliemann to dinner and to see his collection, and at that dinner, he recognized that Schliemann had the money and chutzpah to get the additional funding and permits to dig at Hisarlik that Calvert could not. Calvert spilled his guts to Schliemann about what he had found, beginning a partnership he would soon learn to regret. Schliemann returned to Paris in the fall of 1868 and spent six months becoming an expert on Troy and Mycenae, writing a book of his recent travels, and writing numerous letters to Calvert, asking him where he thought the best place to dig might be, and what sort of equipment he might need to excavate at Hisarlik. In 1870 Schliemann began excavations at Hisarlik, under the permit Frank Calvert had obtained for him, and with members of Calverts crew. But never, in any of Schliemanns writings, did he ever admit that Calvert did anything more than agree with Schliemanns theories of the location of Homers Troy, born that day when his father sat him on his knee. Uncovering Schliemann Schliemanns version of events- that he alone had identified Troys locaiton- stood intact for decades after his death in 1890. Ironically, the celebration of Schliemanns 150th birthday in 1972 touched off a critical examination of his life and discoveries. There had been other murmurs of irregularities in his voluminous diaries- novelist Emil Ludwigs meticulously researched Schliemann: The Story of a Gold Seeker in 1948, for example- but they had been scorned by Schliemanns family and the scholarly community. But when at the 1972 meetings American classicist William M. Calder III announced that he had found discrepancies in his autobiography, others began to dig a little deeper. Just how many self-aggrandizing lies and manipulations are in the Schliemann diaries has been the focus of much discussion throughout the turn of the 21st century, between Schliemann detractors and (somewhat grudging) champions. One defender is Stefanie A.H. Kennell, who from 2000–2003 was an archivist fellow for the Schliemann papers at the Gennadius Library of the American School of Classical Studies. Kennell argues that Schliemann was not simply a liar and a con man, but rather an extraordinarily talented yet flawed man. Classicist Donald F. Easton, also a supporter, described his writings as a characteristic blend of one-third dissimulation, one-third arrogant rhetoric, and one-third obsequiousness, and Schliemann as a flawed human being, sometimes confused, sometimes mistaken, dishonest... who, despite his faults... [left] a lasting legacy of information and enthusiasm.   One thing is crystal clear about the debate over Schliemanns qualities: now the efforts and scholarship of Frank Calvert, who did, in fact, know that Hisalik was Troy, who conducted scholarly investigations there five years before Schliemann, and who, perhaps foolishly, turned over his excavations to Schliemann, does today due credit for the first serious discovery of Troy.   Sources Allen, Susan Heuck. Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert, Excavator. American Journal of Archaeology 99.3 (1995): 379–407. Print.-. Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Print.-. A Personal Sacrifice in the Interest of Science: Calvert, Schliemann, and the Troy Treasures. The Classical World 91.5 (1998): 345–54. Print.Bloedow, Edmund F. Heinrich Schliemann in Italy in 1868: Tourist or Archaeologist? Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 69.3 (2001): 115–29. Print.Calder III, William M. Heinrich Schliemann: An Unpublished Latin Vita. The Classical World 67.5 (1974): 272–82. Print.Easton, D. F. Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud? The Classical World 91.5 (1998): 335–43. Print.Kennell, Stefanie A. H. Schliemann and His Papers: A Tale from the Gennadeion Archives.  Hesperia 76.4 (2007): 785–817. Print.Maurer, Kathrin. Archeology as Spectacle: Heinrich Sc hliemanns Media of Excavation. German Studies Review 32.2 (2009): 303–17. Print. Schindler, Wolfgang. An Archaeologist on the Schliemann Controversy. Illinois Classical Studies 17.1 (1992): 135–51. Print.Traill, David A. Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit. New York: St. Martins Press, 1995. Print.

History of Baseball in America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

History of Baseball in America - Assignment Example In the year 1942, he joined Brooklyn Dodgers and initiated a plan to transport a black player inside the team that would not only accelerate team’s performance but also delivers a socially aware message to the American society for its benefit. However, he was also skeptic that the inclusion of the black player will need to be more than a brilliant athlete with state wrong mental strength to restrain from being provoked by the unfriendliness and foul languages that might otherwise raise disagreements imposing negative effects on the team’s sustainability. After exploring many players from Negro leagues, Branch Ricky decided to involve Jackie Robinson in the year 1945. Jackie was an African American baseball player, who was then playing with Kansas City Monarchs, an important group in the Negro Leagues (The Library of Congress, n.d.). In that time many economic and other multifaceted problems forced and entertained the racial segregation in baseball. For instance, a number of major league teams used to give their stadiums on rent to the Negro Teams only when their own team was on a long journey; thus, hindering cross-communication between the two groups. Consequently, if integration would have been conducted in the sport, the Negro teams would have lost their best players and the Negro League would face difficulties to carry on as a result many of Negro players losing their source of revenue. Moreover, with such practices, the stadium owners would lose their rental profits (The Library of Congress, n.d.). Notably, the existence of these political and economic obstacles increased complexities in the integration process. To avoid these hazards, Branch Ricky proposed Jackie to be a part of a major league in March, 1945. In August, 1945, they met at Brooklyn Dodger’s office where Jackie was informed that Ricky would be starting a new team named Brown Dodgers. Subsequently, Jackie agreed to sign the bond with Brooklyn’s Triple-A minor league farm club, the Montreal Royals.

Electronic and Mobile commerce Slp Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electronic and Mobile commerce Slp - Assignment Example This paper describes the main types of electronic and mobile commerce applications available in the current market that change everyday consumer-experience. There are a number of dynamics that steering m-commerce. These dynamics include the extensive accessibility and popularity of wireless devices such as smart phones, the decreasing cost of wireless technology, the accessibility of instant connectivity from any location, and bandwidth enhancements that increase the speed of data broadcast. M-commerce has experienced developing admiration in financial services, telecommunications services, retail, and information services. Consumers in the current market, bank online, purchase goods and services, adjust their smart phone schedules, pay bills, obtain direction, navigate through GPS and look up traffic from wireless devices (Canada.ca, 2010). Mobile commerce (m-commerce) education and training is rather harder to find than other fields of commerce, since this field is new and regularly changing. Therefore, continuing education in many fields has been moving online at a faster rate as compared to normal classes’ studies. Companies are still exploring how to monetize their business in this field. The Mobile Commerce segment assists students to easily access learning materials about different fields. M-commerce creates network, systems and consumer behaviors that integrate to make up the m-commerce ecosystem. This means the field is extensive, accessible to consumers with ideas that takes off. Since there are a reasonably extensive percentage of consumers who own smart phones and other electronic devices, most industries are likely to be prosperous in mobile commerce (Canada.ca, 2010). Mobile commerce continues to grow, but will not be fully established until it becomes actual mobile information accessible everywhere, anytime and to consumers globally. Applying mobile commerce to computing fields generates both tremendous marketable

Drosophila Melanogaster Laboratory Rearing

Drosophila Melanogaster Laboratory Rearing Abstract   Drosophila melanogaster Linnaeus was reared for single generation in the laboratory on a simple diet of 13gm yeast, 250gm milk, 20gm cellulose tissue and 1L water. Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster, laboratory rearing, developmental stages, artificial diet Introduction Drosophila melanogaster  is commonly known as fruit fly since its always found near unripe and rotted fruit. The fly inspired its genus name from the Latin word means dew loving. This genus could b easily identified by presence of black characteristic hairs over their compound eye. This smallish fly has been paid attention since early 90th in many scientific investigations concerning behavioral and genetic studies. Thomas Hunt Morgan was the first and outstanding biologist studying  Drosophila  early in the 1900s. He was the first to discover sex linked genes and genetic assortment, segregation, and recombination, which put the fly as a model of genetic research. And cause of its smallish size, ease of culture and short generation time, geneticists have been using  the fly ever since. Drosophila sp. is one of the few organisms whose entire genome is known and many of its genes have been identified and used in many other scientific researches. The very fast development enables this organism to develop from eggs to adult stage during 9-12 days in 25 °C. Usually the fly spends five days in the egg  and  larval stages and four days in the pupal  stage. The adult may live for several weeks.  Drosophila sp. should not be reared in high temperatures (e.g. above 30 °C) that will result in sterilization or death of the flies or to low temperatures (e.g. below 10 °C) that also will result in a prolonged life cycle, maybe 57 days, and eventually reduced viability. Their body is usually pale yellow to reddish brown to black in color, with large, red eyes and oval-shaped wings, maybe sometimes it has some distinct black patterns. Also their wing venation is peculiar to the entire family. The body form could be mutated due to culturing conditions, which produces offspring with body characters quietly different from parents.  For instance, higher temperatures might alter the phenotype of the eye and body color, or may change the wing shape and size. The entire genus of Drosophila sp. contains more than 15000 species and is very diverse in appearance, behavior, and breeding habitat (Gerhard Bà ¤chli, 1999-2006). Drosophila  sp. found all over the world, but most of their species are predominant in the tropical regions. They are multivoltine species, and the northern species can hibernate. They breed in various kinds of decaying plants and  fungal  materials. The larvae of some species can also feed on fresh fruit and can sometimes be a pest (  Mark Hoddle).  Some other few species maybe switched in order to be  parasites or  predators. Most of their species are attracted to bait of fermented  fruits or any other fermented odor, but little of them are not attracted to any kind of baits. Males usually congregate at patches of suitable breeding habitats to compete for females. Several  Drosophila  species, such as  D. melanogaster, are closely associated with humans; thereby they are called as  domestic  s pecies. But most of Drosophila sp. have been accidentally to new areas due to anthropogenic activities and fruit transportation (Vilela, 1999; Van der Linde et al., 2006; Castrezana, 2007). The fruit fly varies in their reproductive capacity. D. melanogaster, breeds in rare, limited resources, have  ovaries  that mature 10-20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others, those breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, may only lay one egg per day. Only the adult stage feeds on vegetable matters, whereas larvae, the feeding immature stage, feed on yeast and microorganisms present on decaying breeding substrate. Their developmental time vary according to species. It is varied from 7 more than 60 days. Also, it may vary within the same species depending on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding. In this study, D. melanogaster collected and cultured under laboratory conditions, using artificial substrates to investigate different immature stages and the mean developmental time for each stage. Materials and Methods 1. Collecting and Culturing Media Diet mixture of yeast, milk and cellulose was put in plastic bottle. The bottle was cut into two halves, the nick top half, which put inverted on the bottom half. The media recipe was devised as below: Yeast 13gm Milk 250gm Cellulose tissue 20gm H2O 1L This media is blended and placed in plastic collecting bottles containing crumpled paper toweling to prevent flies drowning. The media was stored at 30o for 2-3 days until fermented (Krivshenko 1963), then put outdoor to collect adult. The collecting bottle was checked twice daily (day and night). The collecting bottle left for three days to collect as much as possible of D. melanogaster flies. The collected individuals transferred to culturing bottle under the laboratory conditions (25 °Ã‚ ±5 °C) at plant protection department, Food and Agriculture Sciences College, King Saud University, for conducting the experiment. Flies oviposited in the diet. After 24 hrs, adult flies were removed from the bottles using their positive phototactic response and maintained in 20x20cm cage fitted with a sleeve and fed with 2.5 % sugar solution through cotton wicks. Small 50ml vials with culturing media were used for maintaining small larvae individually and avoid crowding. Number of larval developmental stages and time taken until pupal stage were recorded. Study area and period The study was conducted for 30 days (December, 2010) starting culturing step. Three collecting bottles were used in three selected sites for adult D. melanogaster collection; the educational farm of Food and Agriculture Sciences College, referred as site A, the main building of the College, referred as site B, and the students housing at King Saud University, referred as site C. Results and Discussion Total of 23 adults were collected in the three collecting bottles. Both Sites A and C were negative for adult fly. Eggs laid couldnt be observed since adult females put them in tiny cracks of the culturing media. 301 larvae have been recorded within 24hrs. The mean developmental time for larvae was 7 days to pupation. By the eighth day, all larvae pupate (Fig. 1). Only single adult failed to emerge by the eleventh day. No adult were emerged until the end of month, which means that successful adult emergence took almost 22 days. The rapid development of early immature stages proved favorable conditions for larval development that was not quietly enough for the pupal stage development into adult emergence. The developmental period for  fruit fly varies mainly with temperature, as with many  ectothermic species. The shortest recorded development time (egg to adult), 7 days, is achieved at 28 °C (Ashburner and Thompson 1978, Ashburner et al., 2005). Development time increases at higher temperatures (11 days at 30 °C) cause of heat stress. The ideal development time at 25 °C is supposed to be 8.5 days as Ashburner and Thompson (1978), Ashburner et al., (2005), and Chiang and Hodson (1950) reported in previous investigations. Nevertheless, the findings of the current study showed longer development time especially for late immature stage (pupa). This might be explained, as the temperature of the laboratory was not optimum ( Crowding has no effect on development time since larvae were separated individually in culturing media. More over, under crowding increases the development time (Chiang and Hodson 1950), while the emerging flies are smaller (Chiang and Hodson 1950, Bakker 1961).

Script for Emceeing

Pleasantries†¦. After 41 years of dedicated service to the people of Dagupan City, it is just and right to give honor to someone we call mentor and mother. Mentor of every budding teacher who wanted to follow her footsteps and mother who gives worthwhile lessons in life and motherly advices to teachers like me. Ladies and gentlemen, we are all gathered here for one common purpose†¦to celebrate, give due recognition and reminisce the unforgettable moments we had with our beloved†¦the one and only, Madam Aurora Tiu Domingo or simply Madam Oying! ******************************************************************************* Before everything else, let us all first seek for the Divine providence of our mighty creator with a prayer to be led by Angeline Liwag. ******************************************************************************** Music has always been part of every person’s life. Through its expressive lyrics, they make us smile when we are in our sad mome nts, or even uplift us when we feel so down†¦Folks, Let’s give it up for the Chalk and Eraser Band as they serenade sentimental songs for our beloved Madam Oying. Let’s give them a big hand. ) ******************************************************************************* 41 years is quite long public service. This 41 years is for sure full of accolades from humble beginnings. Though an audio-visual presentation, let’s all see some of the highlights of 41 dedicated years of Madam Oying in Dagupan City Division. ******************************************************************************* Besides being an achiever, Friendly and always at her foot are most of the descriptions given to Madam Oying.It’s time for us to hear testimonies and presentations from the people deem important and influenced by our honoree. (Refer to the program â€Å"Testimonies and Presentations†) ************************************************************************** ******* Let’s now give the floor to Madam Oying for the Response to the testimonies and Presentation ********************************************************************************** Part II-Fellowship

Limitations Of Wired Equivalent Privacy - 2704 Words

Limitations of Wired Equivalent Privacy Presented in IAAS670 Wireless and Mobile Security By Joel Bramblett, Oluwaseun Onibudo, and Michelle Rowton Davenport University October 21, 2014 Nasser Halwani Professor Abstract The Wired Equivalent Privacy algorithm (WEP) is a method of securing IEEE 802.11 wireless internet connections. This algorithm was accepted by the IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) in 1999 and it was subsequently used as the standard for wireless security JATIT (2012). Just over 5 years after its ratification by IEEE, the same body phased it out after some FBI personnel demonstrated how easy it was to crack (in as little as three minutes) (Cheung, 2005). This marked the entry of WPA/WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access), but this is not our area of concentration in this paper. This paper opens with an introduction into the world of WEP and proceeds by concentrating on the various vulnerabilities that led to the abandonment of the WEP as a secure protocol for wireless networks. Our discussion will center on WEP limitations regarding initialization vectors and the method of encryption –RC4 vis-à  -vis the probable fixes for the vulnerabilities. We will conclude by looking at the full WEP operational picture and possible recommendations for securing wireless networks in this modern age. Table of Contents Introduction 4 How WEP Works 4 Limitations 5 Limitations of the Initialization Vectors 5 Source of Initialization vectors 5 IVShow MoreRelated Wireless Networking Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesshare files and printers, but may not be able access wired LAN resources unless one computer acts as a bridge to connect to a wired LAN. Access points (base stations) can be hardware based or software based. 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Essay on Caring for a Person With Dementia - 2027 Words

Introduction Dementia is an umbrella term used to explain the gradual decline in multiple areas of functions, which includes thinking, perception, communication, memory, languages, reasoning, and the ability to function (Harrison-Dening 2013). Worldwide, 47.5 million people have dementia and there are 7.7 million new cases every year. Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia and may contribute to 60–70% of cases. (Alzheimers society 2014). The complexity of dementia presents a number of behavioural challenges to those who live with dementia and their care providers. Aggressive behaviour seems to be one of the most prevalent challenging behaviours in the different stages of dementia (Weitzel et al 2011). As acute care†¦show more content†¦With major types of dementia, the damaged nerve cells stop fail to keep connections with adjacent cells, and the person’s symptoms may get worse over the period. Common Challenging Behaviours Challenging behaviours are often extremely stressful, which presents managing problems with dementia people as well as their care givers. In general, 80% individuals with dementia most often express the signs of challenging behaviours (McKay2008). The common behavioural disturbances associated with dementia include hallucinations delusions, sleep problems, sundowning, aggression, agitation, wandering, and communication challenges (Zwijsen et al 2014). Aggressive Behaviours Aggression is one of the psychological symptoms of dementia, which depicts a cluster of physical signs that suggest restlessness or emotional distress (McKay2008). This multifaceted major health problem originated from the complex interactions of neurobiological, cultural and environmental factors (Cipriani et al 2011). 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While there is a plethoraRead MoreFlorence Nightingale s The Environment And With Dementia1215 Words   |  5 Pages‘‘Dementia’’ representing multiple related illnesses leading to a steady decline of memory and thought processes and reduced ability for orienteering and sound judgment coupled with a diminishing awareness of time, space, and direction (Tranvà ¥g, Petersen, Nà ¥den, 2013). Florence Nightingale – Her principles remain the foundation of nursing today. With Dementia affecting 4.1% of persons aged 70–74 years, 5.7% of persons aged 75–79, 13% of older people between 80 and 84, and 24.5% of seniors aboveRead MoreUnderstand the Process and Expe rience of Dementia Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstand the Process and experience of Dementia 1.1 Describe a range of causes of dementia syndrome There are several causes of dementia some of them are; a stroke, brain disease, MS, certain medications, shrinkage of the brain, too many opiates over a long period of time and severe alcoholism 1.2 Describe the types of memory impairment commonly experienced by individuals with dementia Dementia can cause the sufferer to experience loss of mental ability, loss of memory, a reducedRead MoreAssignment 371 Dementia Essay examples924 Words   |  4 Pagesforms of dementia can affect the way an individual communicates. All forms of dementia can affect the way a person communicates, so in time they may have to find different ways of expressing themselves and their feelings. As a carer your non-verbal communication will become important, your body language, facial expressions, gestures, eye contact and tone of voice will have to be taken into account when you are communicating with a sufferer. In the early stages of some forms of dementia people mayRead MoreAnswers 242 Equality Diversity And Inclusion In Dementia Care Practice699 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Title: 242 Equality, diversity and inclusion in dementia care practice Level: 2 Credit Value: 3 GLH 24 1 Explain what is meant by: a) diversity b) equality c) inclusion Diversity means people of different sexes, ages that all have their own different experiences, attitudes, beliefs and preferences. Equality means treating everyone fairly and making equal opportunities available. Inclusion involves making the individual the centre of their life, involving them in everything that is about them soRead MoreThe Benefits Of Caregiver Information And Services In The Community1058 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide unpaid care for a person living with Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias (Alzheimer’s Association 2011 Facts Figures). Alzheimer’s disease is commonly called a family disease, because the stress of watching a loved ones cognitive ability slowly decline affects everyone. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia in older adults. AlzheimerÊ ¼s and dementia are often used interchangeably, but the conditions are not the same. Dementia is when a person is no longer able to function